Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy: obstetric complications and prophylactic actions

Abstract

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy represent a significant maternal and fetal health issue, with complications including preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, eclampsia, and risk of cerebrovascular events. Preeclampsia is diagnosed by hypertension (blood pressure >140/90 mmHg) and proteinuria (>300 mg/day), with severity defined by blood pressure >160/110 mmHg and multiorgan damage. Risk factors include obesity, extreme maternal age, history of hypertension, dyslipidemias, and multiparity. Early diagnosis uses clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic measurements (uterine artery Doppler). The definitive treatment is pregnancy termination, balancing maternal and fetal risks, with prophylactic use of acetylsalicylic acid to reduce incidence. In severe cases, magnesium sulfate is used to prevent seizures. Non-pharmacological measures such as weight control, physical activity, and supplementation with arginine and calcium are highlighted to improve endothelial function and prevent complications.